ÿþ<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <title>1.1.5</title> </head> <body> <A href="doc14.htm">@54K4CI0O</a> <A href="doc21.htm">!;54CNI0O</a> <A href="index.html">!>45@60=85</a> <hr> <H4 align="center">§1.1.5. ><5=B A8;K 8 ?0@K. 50:F8O 7045;:8</H4> <P align="justify">  B5E=8G5A:>9 <5E0=8:5 22>4OB 2A?><>30B5;L=K5 ?>=OB8O, =07K205<K5 <><5=B0<8 A8;K 8 ?0@K, :>B>@K5 =5>1E>48<K :0: 4;O 87CG5=8O B5>@5B8G5A:>3> <0B5@80;0, B0: 8 4;O @5H5=8O ?@0:B8G5A:8E 7040G. ><5=B ?@8=OB> >1>7=0G0BL ;0B8=A:>9 1C:2>9<EM> M</EM></P>. <P></P> <P align=justify><STRONG>><5=B A8;K >B=>A8B5;L=> B>G:8.</STRONG> 2545< ?>=OB85 ?;5G0 A8;K (A<. @8A.13). <EM> ;5G>< h A8;K F >B=>A8B5;L=> B>G:8 ! =07K20NB ??5@?5=48:C;O@ CK, >?CI5==K9 87 B>G:8 C =0 ;8=8N 459AB28O A8;K. &lt;><5=B><&nbsp;A8;K F >B=>A8B5;L=> B>G:8 C =07K20NB 0;351@08G5A:>5 7=0G5=85 ?@>872545=8O <>4C;O A8;K =0 55 ?;5G> >B=>A8B5;L=> B>G:8 C:</EM> </P> <table border="0" width="100%"> <tr><td width="100%" align="middle"> <EM>M<SUB>C</SUB>( <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG> ) = ±Fh.</EM>, </td><td align="right">(1.7)</td></tr></table> <IMG border=0 alt="" align=right src="13.GIF" width=207 height=221> <br> @8 >?@545;5=88 7=0:0 <><5=B0 A;54C5B <KA;5==> AG8B0BL ?;5G> <EM>h </EM>70 AB5@65=L, :>B>@K9 70:@5?;5= H0@=8@=> 2 B>G:5 <EM>C</EM> 8 8<55B A2>1>4=K9 :>=5F 2 B>G:5 <EM>K</EM>. ">340 <EM>?@8 2@0I5=88 ?;5G0 ?>4 459AB285< A8;K F 2>:@C3 B>G:8 C ?@>B82 G0A>2>9 AB@5;:8 7=0: <><5=B0 1C45B ?>;>68B5;L=K9, 0 ?@8 2@0I5=88 ?> G0A>2>9 AB@5;:5 - >B@8F0B5;L=K9</EM>. A;8 <EM>F</EM> = 0 8;8<EM> h</EM> = 0, B> <EM>M<SUB>C</SUB> ( <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG></EM>)= 0. B0:, <><5=B A8;K >B=>A8B5;L=> B>G:8<EM> !</EM> @025= =C;N, :>340 A8;0 @02=0 =C;N 8;8 :>340 ;8=8O 55 459AB28O ?@>E>48B G5@57 40==CN B>G:C. 1@0I05< 2=8<0=85, GB> 87 D>@<C;K (1.7) A;54C5B: <EM><><5=B A8;K >B=>A8B5;L=> B>G:8 =5 <5=O5BAO ?@8 ?5@5=>A5 A8;K ?> 55 ;8=88 459AB28O.</EM> <P align="justify"> 7 @8A.13 2848<, GB> </P> <table border="0" width="100%"> <tr><td width="100%" align="middle">/ <EM>M<SUB>C</SUB>( <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG>)/= 2A<SUB>"CAB</SUB> </EM>, </td><td align="right">(1.8)</td></tr></table> <P align="justify"> B> 5ABL<EM> 25;8G8=0 <><5=B0 A8;K >B=>A8B5;L=> 40==>9 B>G:8 G8A;5==> @02=0 C42>5==>9 ?;>I048 B@5C3>;L=8:0, >A=>20=85< :>B>@>3> O2;O5BAO A8;0, 0 25@H8=>9 - 40==0O B>G:0. </EM></P> <P align="justify"><B> 5:B>@=K9 <><5=B A8;K >B=>A8B5;L=> B>G:8.</B>  B5>@5B8G5A:>9 <5E0=8:5 H8@>:> ?@8<5=ONB B0:65 ?>=OB85 25:B>@=>3> <><5=B0 A8;K >B=>A8B5;L=> B>G:8. 0?><=8< 87 <0B5<0B8:8 >?@545;5=85 8 >A=>2=K5 A2>9AB20 25:B>@=>3> ?@>872545=8O 42CE 25:B>@>2. 5:B>@=K< ?@>872545=85< 42CE 25:B>@>2 <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><EM>a</EM></span></STRONG> 8 <EM> <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">b</span></STRONG> </EM>=07K20NB 25:B>@ <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">c</span></STRONG></EM> <>4C;L :>B>@>3> G8A;5==> @025= ?;>I048 ?0@0;;5;>3@0<<0, ?>AB@>5==>3> =0 25:B>@0E <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">a</span></STRONG> </EM> 8 <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><EM>b</EM></span></STRONG> ?5@?5=48:C;O@=K9 : ?;>A:>AB8 MB>3> ?0@0;;5;>3@0<<0 8 =0?@02;5==K9 B0:, GB>1K :@0BG09H89 ?>2>@>B >B<EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">a</span></STRONG> : <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">b</span></STRONG></EM></EM> 2>:@C3 ?>;CG5==>3> 25:B>@0 <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">c</span></STRONG></EM> 1K; 2845= ?@>B82 G0A>2>9 AB@5;:8, 5A;8 A<>B@5BL 87 :>=F0 25:B>@0 <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">c</span></STRONG></EM> (@8A.14,0). #A;>2=>5 >1>7=0G5=85: <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">c</span></STRONG></EM> = (<EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">a</span></STRONG></EM> x <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">b</span></STRONG></EM>). ;>I04L ?0@0;;5;>3@0<<0 @02=0 C42>5==>9 ?;>I048 B@5C3>;L=8:0 (70HB@8E>20==>3>). </P> <P align="justify"><IMG style="TOP: 858px; LEFT: 375px" border=0 alt="" align=right src="14.GIF" width=359 height=207 > A=>2=K5 A2>9AB20 25:B>@=>3> ?@>872545=8O A;54CNI85:</P> <OL> <LI> <DIV align=justify> ?@8 ?5@5AB0=>2:5 A><=>68B5;59 25:B>@=>5 ?@>872545=85 C<=>605BAO =0 (-1): (<EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">b</span></STRONG></EM> x <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">a</span></STRONG></EM>) = -(<EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">a</span></STRONG></EM> x <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">b</span></STRONG></EM>); </DIV> <LI> <DIV align=justify> GB>1K C<=>68BL 25:B>@=>5 ?@>872545=85 =0 G8A;>, 4>AB0B>G=> C<=>68BL =0 MB> G8A;> >48= 87 A><=>68B5;59: » (<EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">a</span></STRONG>,</EM> x <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">b</span></STRONG>,</EM>) = (»<EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">a</span></STRONG>,</EM> x <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">b</span></STRONG>,</EM>) = (<EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">a</span></STRONG>,</EM> x »<EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">b</span></STRONG>,</EM>); </DIV> <LI> <DIV align=justify> 25:B>@=>5 ?@>872545=85 ?>4G8=5=> @0A?@545;8B5;L=><C 70:>=C: (<EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">a</span></STRONG>,</EM> + <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">b</span></STRONG>,</EM>) x <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">c</span></STRONG>,</EM> = (<EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">a</span></STRONG>,</EM> x <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">c</span></STRONG>,</EM>) + (<EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">b</span></STRONG>,</EM> x <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">c</span></STRONG>,</EM>). </DIV></LI></OL> <P align="justify"><EM> 048CA>< 25:B>@0</EM> B>G:8 <EM></EM> ?@8;>65=8O A8;K <EM <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG> </EM>>B=>A8B5;L=> B>G:8 <EM>!</EM> =07K20NB 25:B>@ <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><EM>r</EM></span></STRONG>, ?@>2545==K9 87 B>G:8<EM> !</EM> 2 B>G:C <EM> </EM> (@8A.14,1).</P> <P align="justify"><EM> 5:B>@=K< <><5=B>< A8;K <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG> >B=>A8B5;L=> B>G:8 C (F5=B@ <><5=B0) =07K20NB 25:B>@, @02=K9 25:B>@=><C ?@>872545=8N @048CA0 25:B>@0 B>G:8 ?@8;>65=8O A8;K =0 25:B>@ A8;K:</EM></P> <table border="0" width="100%"> <tr><td width="100%" align="middle"> <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">M</span></STRONG><SUB>C</SUB>( <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG> ) = + (<EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">r</span></STRONG></EM> x <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG></EM>).</EM>, </td><td align="right">(1.9)</td></tr></table> <P align="justify"> !>3;0A=> 87;>65==><C: <EM><>4C;L 25:B>@=>3> <><5=B0 A8;K >B=>A8B5;L=> 40==>9 B>G:8 G8A;5==> @025= C42>5==>9 ?;>I048 B@5C3>;L=8:0, >A=>20=85< :>B>@>3> O2;O5BAO A8;0, 0 25@H8=>9 40==0O B>G:0 (@8A.14,1)</EM> <table border="0" width="100%"> <tr><td width="100%" align="middle"> /<EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">M</span></STRONG><SUB>C</SUB>( <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG> )/ = 2A<SUB>"CAB</SUB></EM></td><td align="right">(1.10)</td></tr></table></P> <P align="justify"> A;8 25:B>@ A8;K <STRONG><EM><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></EM></STRONG> ?5@5=>A8BL ?> 55 ;8=88 459AB28O, B> ?;>I04L "<EM>CAB</EM> =5 1C45B <5=OBLAO, 8, A;54>20B5;L=>, 25:B>@=K9 <><5=B A8;K >B=>A8B5;L=> 40==>9 B>G:8 =5 <5=O5BAO, 5A;8 A8;C ?5@5=>A8BL ?> 55 ;8=88 459AB28O.</P> <P align="justify"> ><5=B ?0@K. G5=L 206=>5 7=0G5=85 2 <5E0=8:5 8<55B >A>10O A8AB5<0 A8;, =07K205<0O <EM>?0@>9</EM>,- MB> 425 @02=K5 ?> <>4C;N, ?@>B82>?>;>6=> =0?@02;5==K5 ?0@0;;5;L=K5 A8;K (@8A. 15): <STRONG><EM><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></EM></STRONG>' = -<STRONG><EM><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></EM></STRONG>. @0BG09H55 @0AAB>O=85 <EM>h</EM> <564C ;8=8O<8 459AB28O A8; ?0@K =07K20NB <EM>?;5G>< ?0@K. ><5=B>< ?0@K =07K20NB</EM> <EM>0;351@08G5A:>5 7=0G5=85 ?@>872545=8O <>4C;O >4=>9 87 A8; ?0@K =0 55 ?;5G>:</EM></P> <table border="0" width="100%"> <tr><td width="100%" align="middle"> <EM>M( <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG>,<STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG>' ) = ±Fh.</EM>, </td><td align="right">(1.11)</td></tr></table> <P> A;8 ?;5G> <EM>h</EM> ?@54AB028BL B25@4K< AB5@6=5<, B> ?@8 53> 2@0I5=88 ?>4 459AB285< A8; ?0@K ?@>B82 G0A>2>9 AB@5;:8 2 D>@<C;5 (1.11) =04> AB028BL 7=0: ?;NA, 0 ?@8 2@0I5=88 ?> <IMG border=0 alt="" align=left src="15.GIF" width=264 height=177> G0A>2>9 AB@5;:5 - 7=0: <8=CA. !>3;0A=> @8A.15 8<55<</P> <P><EM>&nbsp;M( <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG>,<STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG>' ) = Fh = 2A<SUB>"ADB</SUB>. </EM></TD><td align="right">(1.12)</P> <P> B> 5ABL <EM>01A>;NB=>5 7=0G5=85 <><5=B0 ?0@K G8A;5=> @02=> C42>5==>9 ?;>I048 B@5C3>;L=8:0, >A=>20=85< :>B>@>3> O2;O5BAO >4=0 87 A8; ?0@K, 0 25@H8=0 =0E>48BAO 2 ;N1>9 B>G:5 =0 ;8=88 459AB28O 2B>@>9 A8;K ?0@K.</EM> </P> <P align="justify"><STRONG>5:B>@=K9 <><5=B ?0@K</STRONG> <EM>. 5:B>@=K< <><5=B>< ?0@K <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">M</span></STRONG>( <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG>, <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG>') =07K20NB A2>1>4=K9 25:B>@,=0?@02;5==K9 ?5@?5=48:C;O@=> ?;>A:>AB8 ?0@K 2 BC AB>@>=C, GB>1K, A<>B@O 87 53> :>=F0 : =0G0;C, 2845BL 2@0I5=85 ?0@K ?@>B82 G0A>2>9 AB@5;:8 8 @02=K9 ?> <>4C;N ?@>872545=8N <>4C;O >4=>9 87 A8; ?0@K =0 ?;5G> (@8A.16): </EM> <table border="0" width="100%"> <tr><td width="100%" align="middle"><EM>/<STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">M</span></STRONG>( <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG>,<STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG>' )/ = Fh = 2A<SUB>"ABD</SUB></EM></td><td align="right">(1.13)</td></tr></table></P> <P alidn="justify"><EM>!2>1>4=K< 25:B>@><</EM> =07K20NB 25:B>@, :>B>@K9 <>6=>, =5 <5=OO 53> 25;8G8=K 8 =0?@02;5=8O, ?5@5=>A8BL ?0@0;;5;L=>. <IMG border=0 alt="" align=right src="16.GIF" width=231 height=238 > </P> <P alidn="justify"><STRONG>><5=B A8;K >B=>A8B5;L=> >A8.</STRONG> ><5=B>< A8;K >B=>A8B5;L=> >A8 =07K20NB 0;351@08G5A:>5 7=0G5=85 ?@>872545=8O ?@>5:F88 A8;K =0 ?;>A:>ABL <EM></EM> , ?5@?5=48:C;O@=CN : 40==>9 >A8, =0 @0AAB>O=85 MB>9 ?@>5:F88 >B >A8 8;8, 4@C38<8 A;>20<8, =0 4;8=C ?5@?5=48:C;O@0, >?CI5==>3> 87 B>G:8 ?5@5A5G5=8O >A8 A ?;>A:>ABLN =0 ;8=8N 459AB28O ?@>5:F88 (@8A.17): </P> <P></P> <table border="0" width="60%"> <tr><td width="100%" align="middle"> <EM>M<SUB>l</SUB>( <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG> ) = ±F<SUB>t</SUB>h.</EM>, </td><td align="right">(1.14)</td></tr></table> <P><IMG border=0 alt="" align=left src="17.GIF" width=246 height=229> $878G5A:89 A<KA; MB>3> >?@545;5=8O 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> 2@0I0B5;L=>5 459AB285 A8;K >B=>A8B5;L=> >A8 >?@545;O5BAO =5 2A59 A8;>9, 0 B>;L:> 55 A>AB02;ONI59 <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG><SUB>t</SUB></EM>, ;560I59 2 ?;>A:>AB8, ?5@?5=48:C;O@=>9 >A8. @C30O A>AB02;ONI0O <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG><SUB>l</SUB></EM> ?0@0;;5;L=0O >A8<EM> l</EM>, =5 ?@>872>48B 2@0I0B5;L=>3> 42865=8O, 0 AB@5<8BAO A428=CBL B5;> 24>;L >A8 ( :0: 425@L A=8<0NB A ?5B5;L). =0: <><5=B0 15@5< ?>;>68B5;L=K<, 5A;8, A<>B@O 87 ?>;>68B5;L=>3> =0?@02;5=8O >A8, 2848< 2@0I5=85 B5;0 2>:@C3 >A8 ?>4 459AB285< A8;K <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG></EM> (8;8 A>AB02;ONI59 <EM><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG><SUB>t</SUB></EM> ) ?@>B82 G0A>2>9 AB@5;:8. @8 2@0I5=88 ?> G0A>2>9 AB@5;:5 7=0: <><5=B0 1C45B >B@8F0B5;L=K9. 7 D>@<C;K (1.14) 8 @8A. 17 A;54C5B <table border="0" width="100%"> <tr><td width="100%" align="middle"> <EM><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">M</span><SUB>l</SUB>( <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG> ) =± 2A<SUB>"Cab</SUB></EM></td><td align="right">(1.15)</td></tr></table></P> <P> B> 5ABL <EM><><5=B A8;K<STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG> >B=>A8B5;L=> >A8 l G8A;5==> @025= 0;351@08G5A:><C 7=0G5=8N C42>5==>9 ?;>I048 B@5C3>;L=8:0, >A=>20=85< :>B>@>3> A;C68B ?@>5:F8O A8;K <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG> =0 ?;>A:>ABL, ?5@?5=48:C;O@=CN : >A8, 0 25@H8=>9 - B>G:0 ?5@5A5G5=8O >A8 A ?;>A:>ABLN.</EM> A;8 A8;0 ?0@0;;5;L=0 >A8, B> <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG><sub>t</sub> = 0, 0 5A;8 55 ;8=8O 459AB28O ?5@5A5:05B >AL, B> h = 0.  >1>8E A;CG0OE A>3;0A=> (1.14) M<SUB>l</SUB>( <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG> ) = 0, B> 5ABL <EM> <><5=B A8;K >B=>A8B5;L=> >A8 @025= =C;N, :>340 A8;0 ?0@0;;5;L=0 >A8 8;8 55 ?5@5A5:05B.</EM></P> <P align="justify"><STRONG>"5>@5<0, A2O7K20NI0O <564C A>1>9 25:B>@=K9 8 >A52>9 <><5=BK A8;K.</STRONG> <EM> @>5:F8O 25:B>@=>3> <><5=B0 A8;K >B=>A8B5;L=> 40==>9 B>G:8 =0 :0:CN-=81C4L >AL, ?@>E>4OICN G5@57 MBC B>G:C, @02=0 <><5=BC A8;K >B=>A8B5;L=> MB>9 >A8.</EM></P> <P align="justify"><STRONG>>:070B5;LAB2>.</STRONG> @>5:F8O 25:B>@=>3> <><5=B0 A8;K <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><EM>F</EM></span></STRONG> >B=>A8B5;L=> B>G:8 <EM>C</EM> =0 >AL <EM>l</EM> 87>1@065=0 =0 @8A. 18 >B@57:>< <EM>CK =/<STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">M</span></STRONG><SUB>C</SUB>( <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG>)/cos±. !>3;0A=> (1.11) /<STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">M</span></STRONG><SUB>C</SUB>( <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG> )/ = 2A<SUB>"CAB</SUB> </EM>BAN40<EM> ?@<SUB>l</SUB><STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">M</span></STRONG><SUB>C</SUB>(<STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG>) = 2A<SUB>"CAB</SUB> cos±. </EM>! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K A>3;0A=> (1.16) <><5=B A8;K >B=>A8B5;L=> >A8 <EM><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">M</span><SUB>l</SUB>( <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG> ) =± 2A<SUB>"Cab</SUB></EM></P> <P><EM><IMG border=0 alt="" align=right src="18.GIF" width=302 height=249></EM> 7 35><5B@88 8725AB=>, GB> ?;>I04L ?@>5:F88 ?;>A:>9 D83C@K @02=0 ?@>872545=8N ?;>I048 ?@>5:B8@C5<>9 D83C@K =0 :>A8=CA C3;0 <564C ?;>A:>ABLN ?@>5:F88 8 ?;>A:>ABLN ?@>5:B8@C5<>9 D83C@K. > C3>; <564C ?;>A:>ABO<8 87<5@O5BAO A>>B25BAB2CNI8< ;8=59=K< C3;><, @02=K< C3;C <564C ?5@?5=48:C;O@0<8 : MB8< ?;>A:>ABO<, ?@>2545==K< 2 ;N1>9 B>G:5 ?5@5A5G5=8O ?;>A:>AB59. #G8BK20O (1.11) 8 (1.16) ?>;CG05<:</P> <table border="0" width="60%"> <tr><td width="100%" align="middle"> <EM>?@<SUB>l</SUB><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">M</span><SUB>C</SUB>( <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG> )= M<SUB>l</SUB> {<STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG>), </EM></td><td align="right">(1.16)</td></tr></table> <P></P> <P align="justify"> GB> 8 B@51>20;>AL 4>:070BL.</P> <P align="justify"><STRONG>"5>@5<0. </STRONG> <EM>!C<<0 25:B>@=KE <><5=B>2 42CE A8;, A>AB02;ONI8E ?0@C, >B=>A8B5;L=> ?@>872>;L=>9 B>G:8 @02=0 25:B>@=><C <><5=BC ?0@K.</EM> </P> <P> <IMG border=0 alt="" align=right src="19.GIF" width=302 height=249> <P align="justify"><STRONG>>:070B5;LAB2>.</STRONG> 0 @8A.19 87>1@065=0 ?0@0 A8; (<STRONG><EM><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span>, <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span>'</EM></STRONG>), 25:B>@K <EM> <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">r</span></STRONG>, <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">r</span><SUB>A</SUB></STRONG></EM> 8 <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">r</span><SUB>B</SUB></STRONG>, ?@8G5< =0G0;> @048CA>2 25:B>@>2 <STRONG><EM><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">r</span><SUB>A</SUB></EM></STRONG> 8 <STRONG><EM><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">r</span><SUB>B</SUB></EM></STRONG> =0E>48BAO 2 ?@>872>;L=>9 B>G:5 <EM>!.</EM> !>3;0A=> ?@028;C 25:B>@=>3> B@5C3>;L=8:0: <STRONG><EM><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">r</span><SUB>A</SUB></EM></STRONG> = <STRONG><EM><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">r</span><SUB>B</SUB></EM></STRONG> + <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><EM>r</EM></span></STRONG>. BAN40 <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><EM>r</EM></span></STRONG> = <STRONG><EM><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">r</span><SUB>A</SUB></EM></STRONG> - <STRONG><EM><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">r</span><SUB>B</SUB></EM></STRONG>. >;L7COAL D>@<C;0<8 25:B>@=>9 0;351@K (A<. AB@.15 ), CG8BK20O, GB> <STRONG><EM><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span>'</EM></STRONG> = <EM > -<STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG></EM> (A8;K >4=>9 ?0@K) 8 ?@8=8<0O :>MDD8F85=B » = -1, ?>;CG05<: </P> <P flign="justify"><EM> <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>M</STRONG></span><SUB>C</SUB>( <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span> ) + <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>M</STRONG></span><SUB>C</SUB>( <STRONG> <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span> '</STRONG> ) = (<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>r</STRONG></span><SUB>A</SUB> x <STRONG> <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span> </STRONG> )&nbsp; + ( <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>r</STRONG></span><SUB>B</SUB> x <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F'</STRONG></span>) = (<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>r</STRONG></span><SUB>A</SUB> x <STRONG> <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span> </STRONG> ) + ( <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>r</STRONG></span><SUB>B</SUB> x (- <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span> )) (<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>r</STRONG></span><SUB>A</SUB> x <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span>) + ( -<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>r</STRONG></span><SUB>B</SUB> x <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span>) = [(<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>r</STRONG></span><SUB>A</SUB> - <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>r</STRONG></span><SUB>B</SUB>) x <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span>] = ( <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>r</STRONG></span> x <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span>).</EM> !>3;0A=> (1.13)&nbsp;&nbsp; <EM>(<STRONG> <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">r</span></STRONG> x <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span>) = <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>M</STRONG></span>(<STRONG> <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG>,<SPAN style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F'</SPAN></STRONG>).</EM> !;54>20B5;L=> <table border="0" width="60%"> <tr><td width="100%" align="middle"><EM> <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>M</STRONG></span><SUB>C</SUB>(<STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span></STRONG> ) + <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>M</STRONG></span><SUB>C</SUB>(<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span>' ) = <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>M</STRONG></span>( <STRONG><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span>,<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">F</span>'</STRONG>)</EM> </td> <td align="right">(1.17)</td></tr></table> "5>@5<0 4>:070=0. </P> <P align="justify"> A;8 F5=B@ <><5=B>2 (B>G:C !) 27OBL 2 ?;>A:>AB8 ?0@K, B> >10 25:B>@=K5 <><5=B0 MC(F) 8 MC(F') 1C4CB @0A?>;>65=K =0 >4=>9 ?@O<>9, 0 2 MB>< A;CG05 25:B>@=>5 AC<<8@>20=85 <>6=> 70<5=8BL 0;351@08G5A:8<. !;54>20B5;L=>, 8<55< G0AB=K9 A;CG09 4>:070==>9 B5>@5<K: AC<<0 <><5=B>2 42CE A8;, A>AB02;ONI8E ?0@C, >B=>A8B5;L=> ?@>872>;L=>9 B>G:8 2 ?;>A:>AB8 ?0@K @02=0 <><5=BC ?0@K: </P> <table border="0" width="60%"> <tr><td width="100%" align="middle"><EM>M<SUB>C</SUB> (<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span>) + M<SUB>C</SUB> (<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span>') = M(<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span>, <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span>').</EM></td> <td align="right">(1.18)</td></tr></table> <P></P> <P align=justify>$>@<C;0 (1.18) >B;8G05BAO >B (1.17) B5<, GB> 2 =55 2E>4OB A:0;O@=K5 (0;351@08G5A:85) <><5=BK, B>340 :0: 2 (1.17) 2E>4OB 25:B>@=K5 <><5=BK. </P> <P align="justify"><STRONG>"5>@5<0 > ?@>5:F8OE A8; ?0@K.</STRONG> <EM>!C<<0 ?@>5:F89 42CE A8;, A>AB02;ONI8E ?0@C, =0 :0:CN ;81> >AL @02=0 =C;N.</EM> !?@0254;82>ABL MB>9 B5>@5<K >G5284=0, B0: :0: 425 A8;K ?0@K ?0@0;;5;L=K, ?@>B82>?>;>6=> =0?@02;5=K 8 @02=K ?> <>4C;N, 0 ?>MB><C 8E ?@>5:F88 >48=0:>2K ?> 01A>;NB=K< 25;8G8=0<, => ?@>B82>?>;>6=K ?> 7=0:C.</P> <P align="center"><IMG border=0 alt="" align=center src="20.GIF" width=462 height=129></P> <P align="justify">'0AB> ?0@C 87>1@060NB 2 2845 87>3=CB>9 AB@5;:8 A >1>7=0G5=85< <><5=B0 (@8A. 20)."0:>5 C?@>I5==>5 87>1@065=85 >?@0240=> B5<, GB> 459AB285 ?0@K E0@0:B5@87C5BAO 55 <><5=B><, 8 ?@8 >?@545;5=88 >?>@=KE @50:F89, B> 5ABL =58725AB=KE 2=5H=8E A8; A;54C5B 1@0BL AC<<C <><5=B>2 2A5E A8; >B=>A8B5;L=> :0:>9-;81> B>G:8, 0 345 ?@8;>65=K A8;K, A>AB02;ONI85 ?0@C, 7=0G5=8O =5 8<55B. 4=0:>, 5A;8 =04> >?@545;8BL =5 2=5H=85 A8;K, 0 2=CB@5==85 2 @07=KE A5G5=8OE 10;:8, B> 206=> 7=0BL, 345 ?@8;>65=K A8;K ?0@K. A;8 ?0@0 87>1@065=0 B0:, :0: =0 @8A.20,0 8 2, B> ?0@0 8 55 <><5=B =07K20NB<EM> A>A@54>B>G5==K<8</EM> . </P> <P align="justify"><IMG border=0 alt="" align=left src="21.GIF" width=155 height=120> <STRONG>045;:0</STRONG> - >4=0 87 G0AB> 2AB@5G0NI8EAO A2O759. @54AB028< A515 3>@87>=B0;L=CN :>=A>;L=CN 10;:C (@8A.21), B> 5ABL 10;:C, 8<5NICN >48= A2>1>4=K9 :>=5F, 0 4@C3>9 :>=5F 65AB:> 7045;0= 2 AB5=C. 0B5@80; AB5=K >:07K205B =0 10;:C @50:F8N, A>AB>OICN 87 @50:B82=>9 A>A@54>B>G5==>9 A8;K<EM> <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span><SUB>A</SUB></EM> 8 @50:B82=>9 ?0@K, <><5=B :>B>@>9 <EM> <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>M</STRONG></span><SUB>A</SUB></EM> =07K20NB @50:B82=K< <><5=B><. 0: C2848< ?@8 @5H5=88 7040G, 2K3>4=> 87>1@060BL A8;C <EM> <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span><SUB>A</SUB></EM> 2 2845 42CE A>AB02;ONI8E A8;, :0: MB> 87>1@065=> =0 @8A.21. </P> <P align="justify"><STRONG>"5>@5<0 > 25:B>@=>< <><5=B5 25:B>@=>9 AC<<K A8;.</STRONG> <EM>5:B>@=K9 <><5=B 25:B>@=>9 AC<<K A8; >B=>A8B5;L=> ?@>872>;L=>9 B>G:8 @025= AC<<5 25:B>@=KE <><5=B>2 2A5E A>AB02;ONI8E A8; >B=>A8B5;L=> B>9 65 B>G:8.</EM> </P> <P align="justify"><STRONG>>:070B5;LAB2>.</STRONG> 5@5=>A8< 2A5 A8;K ?> 8E ;8=8O< 459AB28O 2 B>G:C 8E AE>40 :0: 2 >1ICN B>G:C ?@8;>65=8O 8 =0E>48<, ?> ?@028;C A8;>2>3> <=>3>C3>;L=8:0, 25:B>@=CN AC<<C 2A5E A8; <EM> <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span><SUB>sum </SUB></EM>(@8A.22). K18@05< ?@>872>;L=CN B>G:C <EM>A</EM> 8 ?@>2>48< @048CA-25:B>@<EM><STRONG> &nbsp;<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">r</span></STRONG> = <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>A!</STRONG></span></EM>. G5284=>, GB> C 2A5E A8;, 2:;NG0O 8E 25:B>@=CN AC<<C, @048CA 25:B>@ >48= 8 B>B 65. >;L7CNAL D>@<C;0<8 (1.7) 8 (1.9), ?>;CG05<: <EM> <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>M</STRONG></span><SUB>A</SUB>(<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span><SUB>sum</SUB>) = (<STRONG > <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline">r</span> </STRONG> x <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span><SUB>sum</SUB>) = (<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>r</STRONG></span> x "<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span><SUB>k</SUB>) = (<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>r</STRONG></span> x <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span><SUB>1</SUB>) + (<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>r</STRONG></span> x <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span><SUB>2</SUB>) + ... +&nbsp;(<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>r</STRONG></span> x <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span><SUB>n</SUB>) = "(<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>r</STRONG></span> x</EM> <EM> <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span><SUB>k</SUB>) = "<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>M</STRONG></span><SUB>A</SUB>(<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span><SUB>k</SUB>);</EM> </P> <table border="0" width="60%"> <tr><td width="100%" align="middle"><EM> <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>M</STRONG></span><SUB>A</SUB> ( <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span><SUB>sum</SUB>) = "<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>M</STRONG></span><SUB>A</SUB>( <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span><SUB>k</SUB>)</EM> <td align="right">(1.19)</td></tr></table> <P></P> <P align="justify">A;8 2A5 AE>4OI85AO A8;K @0A?>;>65=K 2 >4=>9 ?;>A:>AB8 8 B>G:C ! (F5=B@ <><5=B>2) 2>7L<5< 2 B>9 65 ?;>A:>AB8, B> 2A5 25:B>@=K5 <><5=BK A8; 1C4CB @0A?>;>65=K =0 >4=>9 ?@O<>9, ?@>E>4OI59 G5@57 B>G:C !, 8 ?5@?5=48:C;O@=>9 : ?;>A:>AB8 A8;, 0 B>340, A>3;0A=> (1.9), 25:B>@=>5 AC<<8@>20=85 <>6=> 70<5=8BL 0;351@08G5A:8<. >;CG05< G0AB=K9 A;CG09 4>:070==>9 B5>@5<K. </P> <P align="justify">><5=B 25:B>@=>9 AC<<K ?;>A:>9 A8AB5<K AE>4OI8EAO A8; >B=>A8B5;L=> ?@>872>;L=>9 B>G:8 2 ?;>A:>AB8 A8; @025= 0;351@08G5A:>9 AC<<5 <><5=B>2 2A5E A>AB02;ONI8E A8; >B=>A8B5;L=> B>9 65 B>G:8:</P> <table border="0" width="60%"> <tr><td width="100%" align="middle"><EM> <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>M</STRONG></span><SUB>A</SUB> (<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span><SUB>sum</SUB>) = "<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>M</STRONG></span><SUB>A</SUB>( <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span><SUB>k</SUB>)</EM> <td align="right">(1.20)</td></tr></table> <P></P> <P align="justify"><STRONG>"5>@5<0 > <><5=B5 25:B>@=>9 AC<<K >B=>A8B5;L=> >A8.</STRONG> <EM>><5=B 25:B>@=>9 AC<<K A8; >B=>A8B5;L=> :0:>9-;81> >A8 @025= 0;351@08G5A:>9 AC<<5 <><5=B>2 2A5E A>AB02;ONI8E A8; >B=>A8B5;L=> B>9 65 >A8.</EM> </P> <P align="justify"><IMG border=0 alt="" align=left src="22.GIF" width=177 height=255> <STRONG>>:070B5;LAB2>.</STRONG> !?@>5:B8@C5< 25:B>@=>5 @025=AB2> (1.19) =0 ?@>872>;L=CN >AL <EM>l</EM>, ?@>E>4OICN G5@57 B>G:C <EM>A </EM>8 ?@8 MB>< 2>A?>;L7C5<AO 42C<O B5>@5<0<8: > ?@>5:F88 25:B>@=>9 AC<<K =0 >AL, A<.(1.10), 8 > A2O78 <564C <><5=B>< A8;K >B=>A8B5;L=> >A8 8 25:B>@=K< <><5=B>< A8;K >B=>A8B5;L=> :0:>9-;81> B>G:8 =0 MB>9 >A8, A<.(1.17),?@<SUB>l</SUB> <EM> <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>M</STRONG></span><SUB>A</SUB> ( <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span><SUB>sum</SUB>)</EM> = " ?@<SUB>l </SUB><EM > <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>M</STRONG></span><SUB>A</SUB> ( <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span><SUB>k</SUB>)</EM> 8;8 <table border="0" width="60%"> <tr><td width="100%" align="middle"><EM>M<SUB>Al </SUB> (<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span><SUB>sum</SUB>) = " M<SUB>Al</SUB> ( <span style="TEXT-DECORATION: overline"><STRONG>F</STRONG></span><SUB>k</SUB>).</EM> <td align="right">(1.21)</td></tr></table> </P>"5>@5<0 4>:070=0. <P></P> </body> </html>